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August 16, Ultimate NCLEX Review Package

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Posted under Cardiac Pharmacology, Medical-Surgical, NCLEX Neuro Review, NCLEX Pharmacology, NCLEX Review on Safety and Infection Control, NCLEX Reviews

August 16, Quick NCLEX Review on Hepatitis

NCLEX Review on Hepatitis

Today we will be talking about one of the most common diseases that you might encounter in the NCLEX which is that of Hepatitis.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue its as plain and simple as that
And believe it or not a good portion of the people who has the less severe type of hepatitis will show no symptoms whereas others develop the some of the more common symptoms such as yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes, which what we call jaundice
and this is due to the liver not being able to breakdown and get rid of Bilirubin which as a a yellow pigment that is formed when our bodies breakdown our red blood cells in the liver.

now also other most common symptoms can include:
poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Now as we all know Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months.

Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, or progress chronic hepatitis, or if not treated can lead to acute liver failure.

Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.

CLASSIFICATIONS of Hepatitis Virus and its way of TRANSMISSION:

Now there are actually 5 types which are hepatitis a b c d and e
but on this quick review we will only be looking at the first three.

(If we look at the transmission: HEPATITIS B AND C are the only ones transmitted through blood and sexual contact).

Hepatitis A (transmitted through oral/fecal/water route)
Hepatitis B (transmitted through blood/drug use/sexual contact/childbirth)
Hepatitis C (transmitted through blood/drug use/sexual contact/childbirth)

HEPATITIS A

– Incubation period usually lasts from 15-45 days.
– Transmitted primarily through fecal/ oral route.
– Prevention includes sanitation and handwashing.
– There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis A.
– Prevention against Hepatitis A includes:

PROPER HANDWASHING
AVOIDANCE OF CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
RECIEVING THE HAV VACCINE

HEPATITIS B
– transmitted through blood to blood contact sexual contact or drug use (needles, razors).

– There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis B.

HEPATITIS C

– Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood to blood contact sexual contact or drug use (needles, razors)

– The patient can be asymptomatic and others are only diagnosed once abnormality is detected in the liver enzymes.

SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C

FEVER
FATIGUE
LOSS OF APPETITE
NAUSEA
VOMITING
ABDOMINAL PAIN
DARK URINE
CLAY-COLORED BOWEL MOVEMENTS
JAUNDICE (YELLOW COLOR IN THE SKIN OR EYES)
SOME OF THESE SYMPTOMS CAN ALSO BE PRESENT ON OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF HEPATITIS* .

NCLEX Review on Hepatitis

HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C is connected with cirrhosis and liver cancer.

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) is the initial screening test for clients suspected of infected of the Hepatitis C (HCV) Virus.
LIVER BIOPSY can also be used to confirm the diagnosis of Hepatitis.
Treatment most often used for Hepatitis C is a combination of two medicines, INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN.

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Posted under Medical-Surgical, NCLEX Neuro Review, NCLEX Pharmacology, NCLEX Review on Safety and Infection Control, NCLEX Reviews, Nursing School

August 16, An NCLEX Review on ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

NCLEX Review on ARDS

Hello everyone today we will be talking about Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

An Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) what occurs is that there is fluid that builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs called (alveoli) in your lungs.

And what occurs is that the fluid keeps your lungs from filling with enough air, which means less oxygen reaches your bloodstream.

And in turn this deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function.

Now understand that ARDS typically occurs in people who are already critically ill or who have significant injuries.

Now lets look at a few of the symptoms

NCLEX Review Notes on ARDS

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of ARDS can vary in intensity and basically depending on the cause and severity:

So the patient would be hypoxic and would show signs of
Severe shortness of breath
Labored and rapid breathing
and there would be
– Presence of crackles or (rhonci)
when we assess the patient

The patient would also have a Low blood pressure
and also be somewhat lethargic and confused

Lets look at a few of the Complications with ARDS

If you have ARDS, you can develop other medical problems while in the hospital. The most common problems are:

Blood clots. This is very dangerous because it can cause a (pulmonary embolism).
Collapsed lung (pneumothorax). there fore In most ARDS cases, a ventilator is used to increase oxygenation.
Infections. Because the ventilator is attached directly to a tube inserted in your windpipe, this makes it much easier for germs to infect and further injure your lungs.

Diagnosis
There’s no specific test to identify ARDS. The diagnosis is based on the physical exam, chest X-ray and oxygen levels.

– Diagnosed through the X- Ray (Ground Glass) Appearance within the lungs and this is due to the fluid buildup.

– A noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema.
excess fluid in the lungs

Lab tests

The lab test will also show a decrease in the oxygen level throughout the body.

Treatment

The first goal in treating ARDS is to improve the levels of oxygen in your blood. Without oxygen, your organs can’t function properly.

NCLEX Review

Oxygen

So there are various ways that we can give supplemental oxygen
and that includes Mechanical ventilation.
The mechanical ventilator pushes air into your lungs and forces some of the fluid out of the air sacs.

The common Mechanical Ventillation includes PEEP or positive end-expiratory pressure.
basically its A method of ventilation in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure

Another method is the CPAP or Continuous positive airway pressure
Now with CPAP, it basically applies mild air pressure on a continuous basis to keep the airways continuously open.

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October 16, Hematological Disease NCLEX Review

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nclex review hamatological system

Hematological System

Hey guys today I want to go over the Hematological disorders that we will most likely encounter in your NCLEX exam. So First lets go over a quick overview of the hematological system. Now we all know that The Hematologic system is mainly composed of just the blood and plasma (So on the basic level the components of the hematological system is just blood and plasma). Lets look at the blood and the essential values that we need to know for the NCLEX. The BLOOD is composed of several primary components

RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS/ERYTHROCYTES)
WBC (WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ Leuokocytes)
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

Lets look at the important blood values that we need to really know for the nclex.

CBC (COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT)

RBC’S= 4.2-6.2 million cells per microliter
HGB= 11.5- 17.5 Grams per deciliter
HCT= 36%- 52%

So again its very important to know our blood values by heart for the nclex. And its very essential that we know our values to determine if its normal or abnormal so we can further assess our patients’ condition. We can ask ourselves what can be the reasons for the High and Low Values of these components. First lets analyze the red blood cells or rbc’s. If we have a patient with cancer or Polycythemia Vera which is a bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in the number of blood cells (primarily red blood cells) of our patient, then the values of our patient’s red blood cell will obviously increase.
Now on the opposite side, what condition do you think tends to bring the red blood cell to be lower than normal: obviously anemia would come in mind. Now lets look at our white blood cells or our WBC values. The most common causes of increase of our WBC which we are all very familiar with is Infections. So why is that , well as we all know our WBC or leukocytes is a vital part of the immune system that basically helps our bodies fight off any infection. So during an infection, our body physiologically will circulate more WBC’s in the blood and transport it to the area where an infection has developed

On the opposite spectrum, lets look at the circumstances of our patient in having a decrease in WBC count. There are various of Autoimmune disorders such as Lupus which comes in to mind which is a disease of the immune system that leads to long-term or (chronic) inflammation that can destroy the white blood cells or decrease the WBC’s.

Now lets go on our next topic and go over one of the most important hematological disorder that we might encounter in the NCLEX exam which is ANEMIA. We can basically define Anemia as a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or if the patient has less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin within the blood. So, with this disease THERE IS A DECREASE NUMBER OF RBC’S. As a result, there will be a low amount of oxygen circulation within the body.

General symptoms of anemia:
– weakness
– fatigue,
– pale skin

As we know from nursing school There are several types of anemia:

– Sickle Cell Anemia
– Pernicious Anemia
– Aplastic Anemia
– Iron Deficiency Anemia

Now first lets go ahead and look at SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

– SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IS AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDER
– AN ABNORMAL SHAPE OF THE RBC’S (SICKLE CELLS).

So basically the cell has an abnormal kind of rigid, sickle shape and because of this it causes a decrease in the cells ability to be flexible and move freely in the body which results in the cell getting stuck within the circulation which is then manifested in pain and other various complications in our patient.

I will continue this review regarding anemia on the next few upcoming videos. Again I want to thank you guys for taking the time to invest in making sure that you pass your NCLEX.

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May 22, NCLEX Review: Neuro Neurological Pharmacology

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NCLEX Pharmacology Review

NCLEX Review: Neurological Medications

MAOI (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

Important Medications in the NCLEX includes

Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate)
Nardil (phenelzine sulfate)

Side Effects of MAOI

MAOI Side Effects

Dizziness
Dry mouth
Diarrhea
Weight gain

Remember: Do not take MAOI’s with TCAs and SSRIs

NCLEX Review: Remember to limit foods that contain high levels of tyramine, such as cheese, pickled foods, beer and wine

MAOIs or Monoamine oxidase inhibitors act by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters and thereby increasing their availability. Which gives off positive effects on depression and anxiety. so again basically MAOI’s helps balance certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters and it does this by reducing the amount of monoamine oxidase which the substance that breaks down the neurotransmitters, hence there would be more neurotransmitter in the brain which helps decrease the symptoms of depression.

Now the 2 important MAOI’s drugs that you might encounter in your NCLEX exam includes:

Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate)
Nardil (phenelzine sulfate)

As we learn from our Psych class back in nursing school, We as nurses don’t usually offer MAOI because of the lethal dietary and drug interactions (and this is the most important thing that we have to know for the NCLEX in reagards with MAOI and this is also a big reason why MAOI is usually used as last line of treatment and is used only when other classes of antidepressant drugs (for example SSRI and TCA’s) have failed.

NCLEX Review Neurological Pharmacology

We need to know for the NCLEX that our patient needs to limit foods that contain high levels of tyramine, such as cheese, pickled foods, beer and wine. And here is why…. well because Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. So basically if we combine tyramine with MAOIs the interaction cause dangerously severe high blood pressure it can trigger a hypertensive crisis… and we don’t want that on our patient.

So again, the biggest tip we can take away from this video is to remember that when giving MAOI’s… avoid food with high levels of tyramine…. so no cheese, pickles and beer or wine.

Study Hard and Good Luck : )

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