Category Archives: NCLEX Review on Safety and Infection Control
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August 16, Quick NCLEX Review on Hepatitis
NCLEX Review on Hepatitis
Today we will be talking about one of the most common diseases that you might encounter in the NCLEX which is that of Hepatitis.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue its as plain and simple as that
And believe it or not a good portion of the people who has the less severe type of hepatitis will show no symptoms whereas others develop the some of the more common symptoms such as yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes, which what we call jaundice
and this is due to the liver not being able to breakdown and get rid of Bilirubin which as a a yellow pigment that is formed when our bodies breakdown our red blood cells in the liver.
now also other most common symptoms can include:
poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Now as we all know Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months.
Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, or progress chronic hepatitis, or if not treated can lead to acute liver failure.
Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.
CLASSIFICATIONS of Hepatitis Virus and its way of TRANSMISSION:
Now there are actually 5 types which are hepatitis a b c d and e
but on this quick review we will only be looking at the first three.
(If we look at the transmission: HEPATITIS B AND C are the only ones transmitted through blood and sexual contact).
Hepatitis A (transmitted through oral/fecal/water route)
Hepatitis B (transmitted through blood/drug use/sexual contact/childbirth)
Hepatitis C (transmitted through blood/drug use/sexual contact/childbirth)
HEPATITIS A
– Incubation period usually lasts from 15-45 days.
– Transmitted primarily through fecal/ oral route.
– Prevention includes sanitation and handwashing.
– There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis A.
– Prevention against Hepatitis A includes:
PROPER HANDWASHING
AVOIDANCE OF CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
RECIEVING THE HAV VACCINE
HEPATITIS B
– transmitted through blood to blood contact sexual contact or drug use (needles, razors).
– There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis B.
HEPATITIS C
– Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood to blood contact sexual contact or drug use (needles, razors)
– The patient can be asymptomatic and others are only diagnosed once abnormality is detected in the liver enzymes.
SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C
FEVER
FATIGUE
LOSS OF APPETITE
NAUSEA
VOMITING
ABDOMINAL PAIN
DARK URINE
CLAY-COLORED BOWEL MOVEMENTS
JAUNDICE (YELLOW COLOR IN THE SKIN OR EYES)
SOME OF THESE SYMPTOMS CAN ALSO BE PRESENT ON OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF HEPATITIS* .
NCLEX Review on Hepatitis
HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C is connected with cirrhosis and liver cancer.
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) is the initial screening test for clients suspected of infected of the Hepatitis C (HCV) Virus.
LIVER BIOPSY can also be used to confirm the diagnosis of Hepatitis.
Treatment most often used for Hepatitis C is a combination of two medicines, INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN.
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October 16, Hematological Disease NCLEX Review
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[youtube http://youtu.be/gDaW7WkJpWM w=400&h=300]
Hematological System
Hey guys today I want to go over the Hematological disorders that we will most likely encounter in your NCLEX exam. So First lets go over a quick overview of the hematological system. Now we all know that The Hematologic system is mainly composed of just the blood and plasma (So on the basic level the components of the hematological system is just blood and plasma). Lets look at the blood and the essential values that we need to know for the NCLEX. The BLOOD is composed of several primary components
RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS/ERYTHROCYTES)
WBC (WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ Leuokocytes)
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
Lets look at the important blood values that we need to really know for the nclex.
CBC (COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT)
RBC’S= 4.2-6.2 million cells per microliter
HGB= 11.5- 17.5 Grams per deciliter
HCT= 36%- 52%
So again its very important to know our blood values by heart for the nclex. And its very essential that we know our values to determine if its normal or abnormal so we can further assess our patients’ condition. We can ask ourselves what can be the reasons for the High and Low Values of these components. First lets analyze the red blood cells or rbc’s. If we have a patient with cancer or Polycythemia Vera which is a bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in the number of blood cells (primarily red blood cells) of our patient, then the values of our patient’s red blood cell will obviously increase.
Now on the opposite side, what condition do you think tends to bring the red blood cell to be lower than normal: obviously anemia would come in mind. Now lets look at our white blood cells or our WBC values. The most common causes of increase of our WBC which we are all very familiar with is Infections. So why is that , well as we all know our WBC or leukocytes is a vital part of the immune system that basically helps our bodies fight off any infection. So during an infection, our body physiologically will circulate more WBC’s in the blood and transport it to the area where an infection has developed
On the opposite spectrum, lets look at the circumstances of our patient in having a decrease in WBC count. There are various of Autoimmune disorders such as Lupus which comes in to mind which is a disease of the immune system that leads to long-term or (chronic) inflammation that can destroy the white blood cells or decrease the WBC’s.
Now lets go on our next topic and go over one of the most important hematological disorder that we might encounter in the NCLEX exam which is ANEMIA. We can basically define Anemia as a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or if the patient has less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin within the blood. So, with this disease THERE IS A DECREASE NUMBER OF RBC’S. As a result, there will be a low amount of oxygen circulation within the body.
General symptoms of anemia:
– weakness
– fatigue,
– pale skin
As we know from nursing school There are several types of anemia:
– Sickle Cell Anemia
– Pernicious Anemia
– Aplastic Anemia
– Iron Deficiency Anemia
Now first lets go ahead and look at SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
- – SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IS AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDER
- – AN ABNORMAL SHAPE OF THE RBC’S (SICKLE CELLS).
So basically the cell has an abnormal kind of rigid, sickle shape and because of this it causes a decrease in the cells ability to be flexible and move freely in the body which results in the cell getting stuck within the circulation which is then manifested in pain and other various complications in our patient.
I will continue this review regarding anemia on the next few upcoming videos. Again I want to thank you guys for taking the time to invest in making sure that you pass your NCLEX.
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October 7, NCLEX Review Cardiac Review Hypertension
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[youtube http://youtu.be/0izPF7ahX9E w=400&h=300]
HYPERTENSION
Lets continue on with the second segment of this series and go over one of the most important topics that we need to know for the NCLEX which is HYPERTENSION
so lets begin by defining HYPERTENSION? what is hypertension
– we can simply define it as A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF PRESSURE WITHIN THE BLOOD VESSELS
– in which a blood pressure EXCEEDS 140 MMHG (millimeters of mercury) SYSTOLIC AND 90 MMHG DIASTOLIC,
* as a nurse we can educate and Remind the patient that lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and proper diet is essential.
we also know that HYPERTENSION CAN LEAD TO
- – Aneurysms
- – Atherosclerosis
- – Heart Failure
- – Myocardial Infarction
Now our patient can have what we call a primary hypertension or the patient can also have
what we call a Secondary Hypertension which is usually caused by:
– Cushing’s Disease ( now remember that Cushing’s Disease is usually due to our patient having Too much Glucocorticoids)
– Brain Tumors
– Pheochromocytoma
Now lets go over the meat and potatoes of hypertension that we need to know for the NCLEX which
are the Pharmacology Drugs for Hypertension:
Lets first go over diuretics
DIURETICS
– Now basically diuretics Helps get rid of the sodium and fluid in the body.
– and it does this by interfering with the sodium absorption in the kidney.
– as a result Increases the urine output. Decreases the preload and afterload.
MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS:
- now as a side effect or opposite reaction from these effects from diuretics our patient is at risk for having
- – HYPONATREMIA
- electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the plasma is lower than normal.
- yponatremia is generally defined as a serum level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum level is below 125 mEq/L
- milliequivalents per liter.
- – ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
- – DEHYDRATION
TYPES OF DIURETICS
(Drugs that you will ENCOUNTER IN THE NCLEX EXAM)
- POTTASIUM SPARING DIURETICS such as
SPIRONOLACTONe (ALDACTONE) - LOOP DIURETICS such
FUROSEMIDE (LASIX) - OSMOTIC DIURETICS
and the most common drug is MANNITOL - Lastly we have THIAZADE DIURETICS
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE (HYDRODIURIL)
We need to inform our patient that thiazides can
CAUSES THE DEPLETION OF SODIUM AND WATER.
CAN INDUCE HYPERGLYCEMIA
Now lets go over another group of medications
♣ BETA (ADRENERGIC) BLOCKERS
As you have learned in Nursing School, beta adrenergic blockers are drugs that help lower blood pressure, pulse rate and cardiac output. Beta Blockers are an important set of drugs to know for the NCLEX. Sometimes,there are also other uses of beta blockers
such as treating migraine headaches, treating glaucoma and can also be used to treat myocardial infarctions.
So, since beta blockers is an essential part of the NCLEX we need to understand how this medication functions
Well, beta blockers simply act by blocking the sympathetic vasomotor response eventually decreasing the Blood pressure in the body. For the NCLEX, try to remember that beta blockers usually end with the syllable (olol). Potential side effects of beta blocker that is necessary to know for the NCLEX would include: Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and some of the symptoms may MASK hypoglycemia.
Remember the NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR CLIENTS TAKING BETA BLOCKERS:
With all this in mind, we need to Make sure that we monitor the client’s blood pressure, heart rate and rhythm, before administering the beta blocker. we should also Monitor the client for signs of edema and assess the lungs sounds for signs of rales and ronchi. When patient are taking beta blockers, it is also very important to monitor the changes in lab values such as (protein, BUN and creatinine) which can indicate nephrotic syndrome.
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June 10, NCLEX Review on Safety and Infection Control
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NCLEX Review on Safety and Infection Control
NCLEX Review: Infection Control
When we are talking about Safety and Infection Control we need to simplify things and really understand what is safety and infection control and what the NCLEX wants us to focus on with this topic. It is very important to realize that The “Safety and Infection Control” now makes up about 10 -14% of the questions in the entire NCLEX Exam This is a huge part of the exam, which means that it can be a factor for us either passing or failing the NCLEX exam.
So lets simplify the SAFETY AND INFECTION CONTROL information that we need to know for this NCLEX Review. So the first thing that we need to learn is to understand and simplify each category and correlate which particular disease belongs to each particular category. We have to know this by heart, and to do this we really need to know the basics of each diseases.
So first lets go over the STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Standard precautions simply are the basic level of infection control that should be used in the care of all patients all of the time. Basically we use standard precautions in the care of all patients, in order to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms.
It is also called UNIVERSAL Precaution.
NCLEX Review: Review on Safety and Infection Control
Personal protective equipment (PPE) that we need includes: Gowns, Mask and Eye protection
Now lets go over the meat and potatoes of Safety and Infection Control in the NCLEX Exam which is knowing all the necessary precautions. And obviously in order to be successful in the NCLEX, you have to know this by heart.
The three main transmission based precautions aree Contact precautions– Droplet precautions and Airborne precaution
Lets begin with Contact Precaution. It is pretty much self explanatory in a sense that it is transmitted through usually skin to skin contact. Now the major diseases that exist that enables the organism to be transferred through contact precaution that you will most likely encounter in your NCLEX exam includes mostly skin infections. Since the skin is the number one barrier during a contact.
-
Varicella zoster
-
Herpes simplex
-
Impetigo
-
Scabies, Staphylococcus
Now lets take a look at Droplet precaution which can occur from a source such as a person during coughing, or sneezing or talking, Now these Droplets that contain the microorganisms can generally travel no more than 3 feet from the patient.
What Diseases can we usually see that involves droplet precuations in the NCLEX?
These disease can include
* Diptheria
* Streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis
* Meningitis
* Mumps
* Pertussis
* Scarlet fever
Lastly, lets go over the AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS
NCLEX DISEASES: AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS
DISEASES that you will most likely encounter in the NCLEX.
* TB (m. Tuberculosis)
* Measles (rubeola)
* Chicken Pox (varicella)
* Shingles (disseminated zoster)
Remember that with TB – Tuberculosis you will need a:
-
PRIVATE ROOM
-
NEGATIVE PRESSURE WITH 6-12 AIR EXCHANGES PER HOUR
So its basically a negative pressurized room. What this does is that it enables a ventillation system that generates negative pressure to allow air to flow into the room and not allow the pathogens to escape.
-
MASK
NCLEX Priority: Make sure to wear our speacial mask which is the N95 MASK FOR TB.
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