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March 9, NCLEX Review: Autonomic Nervous System and Pharmacology
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NCLEX Review Shownotes:
Understand that the Nervous system includes the Central Nervous System (CNS), the Peripheral Nervous Sytem (PNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System or the (ANS).
When I say the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, We can simplify at as the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD.
The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM on the other hand, contains the CRANIAL NERVES and the SPINAL NERVES.
- WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM, WE ARE BASICALLY TALKING ABOUT THE “SYMPATHETIC” (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) SYSTEM OR THE “PARASYMPATHETIC” SYSTEM.
- .THE BASIC COMPONENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS THE NERVE CELL OR NEURON
NEURON
– is the primary component of the nervous system.
– it is composed of cell body (gray matter), axon and dendrites.
BRAIN (Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord).
CEREBRUM- Outermost area (cerebral cortex) is gray matter, deeper area is composed of white matter
- TWO HEMISPHERES: LEFT AND RIGHT AND EACH HEMISPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO LOBES.
FRONTAL LOBE
- PERSONALITY, BEHAVIOR
- HIGHER INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING
- BROCA’S AREA: (MOTOR SPEECH AREA)
PARIETAL LOBE
- POSTCENTRAL GYRUS: REGISTERS SENSATION (TOUCH, PRESSURE)
- INTEGRATES SENSORY INFORMATION
TEMPORAL LOBE
- HEARING, TASTE, SMELL (HINT: LOCATION OF EARS – CLOSE THE TEMPLES)
- WERNICKE’S AREA: SENSORY SPEECH AREA
- (UNDERSTANDING, FORMATION OF LANGUAGE)
OCCIPITAL LOBE
- VISION
Peripheral Nervous System- composed of Spinal Nerves (31)
Autonomic Nervous System- part of the Peripheral Nervous System
- REGULATES FUNCTIONS OCCURRING AUTOMATICALLY IN THE BODY.
- ANS REGULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE AND GLANDS.
IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO KNOW EVERY PHYSIOLOGY FOR EVERY SINGLE PART OF THE BRAIN. BUT JUST IN CASE WE END UP GETTING LOW LEVEL QUESTIONS ON THE EXAM, THEN IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE UNDERSTAND THE BASIC CONCEPT AND FUNCTION OF EACH AREA. IT WOULD ALSO BE A GREAT IDEA TO KNOW THE CRANIAL NERVES.
Quick NCLEX Overview:
EYE AND EAR DISORDERS
GLAUCOMA
Glaucoma: there is an increased of intraocular pressure in the eye.
There are two types:
- OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA OR “PRIMARY” GLAUCOMA
- PRIMARY ANGLE GLAUCOMA.
Open angle glaucoma is slow in onset and chronic, while the primary angle glaucoma needs immediate treatment.
Open Angle Glaucoma
Bilateral
Acute Angle-closure Glaucoma
Unilateral
TREATMENT
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
Cholinergic Agents (Pilocarpine) ♣ (Make sure to know this for the NCLEX)
AVOID ANTICHOLINERGICS (Atropine)
Tags: ANS, how to study NCLEX, NCLEX Autonomic Nervous System, NCLEX Cardiac Pharmacology, NCLEX Drugs, NCLEX Glaucoma, NCLEX management and delegation, NCLEX Pharmacology, nclex review, NCLEX review on delegation, NCLEX review questions, nclex reviews
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March 2, NCLEX Review on Cardiac Diseases: Heart Failure
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NCLEX Review Notes:
NCLEX Review on Cardiac Diseases: Heart Failure
– It is an insufficiency and the inability of the pumping ability of the heart.
LEFT SIDED HEART
– Failure of the left side of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
- THERE IS AN IMPAIRED OXYGENATION AND A DECREASE IN MYOCARDIAL WORKLOAD IN THE HEART.
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS in patients with Left Sided heart failure.
- CRACKLES
- DYSPNEA
- GALLOP RHYTHM: S3, S4
NCLEX Review on Heart Failure Cont.
What we would usually find in patient with left sided heart failure is that there is an INCREASE IN PULMONARY CONGESTION and there would be a left ventricular hypertrophy.
MANAGEMENT
- LOW SODIUM DIET
- SEMI FOWLERS POSITION ON PT.
- WEIGHT PATIENT DAILY
- ADMINISTER IV, OXYGEN AND MEDS AS ORDERED.
- MONITOR VITALS, I/O
RIGHT SIDED FAILURE
– Failure of the right side of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
Causes:
- LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE
- COPD
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Assessment:
- JUGULAR VEIN DISTENTION
- DEPENDENT EDEMA
- WEIGHT EDEMA
Diagnostic Procedures:
- B- Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels= Elevated
- ABG’s indicates hyposemia and hypercapnia.
- Hemodynamic Monitor= Increase CVP
TREATMENT:
- Oxygen Therapy
- Paracentesis
- Thoracentesis
Drug Therapy:
- Cardiac Glycoside (Digoxin) Lanoxin
- Inotropic Agents (Dopamine, Dobutamine)
- Diuretics: Furosemide (Lasix)
- Human BNP: (Nesiritide (Natrecor)
Interventions:
- Keep Ct. in semi- fowlers position to increase chest expansion
- Assess cardiovascular status and vital signs
- Weigh the client daily: A weight gain of 1 to 2 lbs. indicates fluid gain.
Tags: Heart Failure, how to study NCLEX, NCLEX Cardiac Pharmacology, NCLEX Cardiac System, NCLEX Drugs, NCLEX Pharmacology, nclex review, NCLEX Review on Cardiac Diseases, NCLEX review on delegation, NCLEX review questions, nclex reviews
January 16, NCLEX Failure: Failing the NCLEX
How to Pass the NCLEX Exam
Show Notes:
Now I have been getting plenty of questions lately and most of these questions pertains obviously mostly on how to pass the NCLEX Exam. So, what I did was I did some research outside of the actual “Nclex review content” scenario and took a step back and really look at the reasons why some people passed there NCEX Exam, the first time they take it. Its quite obvious that the answer for that would be that the ones that pass on the first time really did studied hard invested plenty of time, energy and effort into the to the review while others, well… Let me ask you this, have you noticed how some people are just really good in taking exams?. There are usually those people in our lives that just really good at taking exams. On the outside it doesn’t seem like they’re really are studying that hard or investing that much time (which can be true) or we might not really know how much they’ve studied or how much time they invested yet at the end of the day they still pass their exam on the first try…
Sometimes it boggles our minds and we can even get quite jealous. Now I think for the most part these people really did invest plenty of the time and energy and resources in passing this exam (which I personally did, and it paid off ) but I also believe that these people do have a good amount of test taking skills because for me personally I really did invest plenty of time, effort, energy and sacrifice in order to pass the NCLEX Exam the first time I took it about three years ago. Anyhow, I also believe that these people unconsciously were able to adapt to a certain strategic approach on learning that worked on their own specific learning styles.
I did my own research on most of these test takers and found out that these people are more analytic in their review methods than I thought.
And this is what I have learned:
You need to learn a deeper level way of studying that is complimentary to our learning style. When we just try to memorize words it’s what researchers have called the, “shallow level of processing,” basically you are just looking at the words and trying to memorize them without making any connections or understanding (in depth) by looking and analyzing the bigger picture. Instead, we need a more “deep level processing” way of reviewing the NCLEX. This can be accomplished by trying to connect it with our own experience and also understanding more in depth the NCLEX Review Contents.
What can really enhance the deeper level processing way of reviewing for the NCLEX Exam is by allowing your brain to match your learning style whether you are an (auditory learner, visual learner or a tactile learner). So this includes looking at NCLEX Review Videos (HERE IS THE LINK), maybe even playing an AUDIO NCLEX Review CD in your car while driving (HERE IS THE LINK) or just trying to connect, what you are learning with your everyday experience.
Attention and Interest is an important subject when studying for the NCLEX. Sometimes, reviewing for the NCLEX exam can just become too tedious and boring. There are plenty of times when we are reading unconsciously just word after word without actually retaining and understanding the content (which is counter productive).
Therefore, there is no reason for our NCLEX Review not to be fun and interesting (while learning at the same time). We need to look at other ways such as media (audio and video) and websites to enhance our NCLEX Review.
Don’t settle for boring, check out some stuff below… : )
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Tags: How to Pass the NCLEX Exam, how to study NCLEX, NCLEX, NCLEX Drugs, nclex review, NCLEX review questions, nclex reviews, stressful NCLEX
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